Japanese Accent: Penult Standard

Lesson 1: Kun Nouns

Lesson 1 Introduction

“Penult” means the second to last within a series. Regarding language, it is the second to last syllable of a word. In Japanese, the accent is located on the penult of the word. This lesson explains how the accented penult applies to “kun reading” nouns.

Lesson 1 Concept 1: Penult

“Penult” means the second to last syllable of a word. In many Japanese words, the accent is on the penult.

“Ultima” means the last syllable of the word. A corollary of the penult having the accent is that the ultima is unaccented. The sound level of the word drops from the second to last syllable (penult) to the last syllable (ultima).

Example Word

かぜ wind
風かぜ

Accent color: Dark red = accent.

All “Example Word” sections in this series give the reading in hiragana in the upper half of the section. This allows the learner to clearly see the accent pattern by the size and color of the hiragana characters. If the learner is not familiar with hiragana, Kanji Learning Today: Online Hiragana is a free system for learning hiragana offered by Blue Sea Press.

Lesson 1 Concept 2: “On” and “Kun” Words

In Japanese there are 2 types of words: “on” and “kun.” This is an attribution that indicates from where word emerged into the language. An on word is one with pronunciation that derived from Chinese origins. A kun word is one with pronunciation from a native Japanese word that existed before Chinese influences.

There are some special cases of mixing the on and kun types (discussed in Lesson 10), but most words are either one or the other.

とり bird
(kun reading word)
鳥とり
 
やちょう wild bird
(on reading word)
野や鳥ちょう

Note: Accent not shown for 野鳥 because “On Nouns” are covered in Lesson 4.

This lesson (Lesson 1) covers kun nouns.

Lesson 1 Point 1: 1-Syllable Kun Nouns

There is only one syllable in the word, so it is accented.

This may seem like a contradiction of the concept above, that the accent is usually on the penult (second to last syllable). But there is no “penult relative to ultima” relationship because that requires two syllables. In essence, the single syllable kun noun is acting as the penult and there is no ultima.

ひ day
日ひ
 
と door
戸と

Lesson 1 Concept 3: 1-Syllable Particles Are Always Unaccented

Particles are always unaccented. However, this applies to single syllable particles, such as は, が, に, を. Multiple syllable particles are covered in Lesson 8.

Applying this concept is very helpful for addressing the single syllable kun nouns presented in Point 1 above. The presence of the unaccented particle after the kun noun provides a relative base for comparison. With the single syllable kun noun and its following particle in a sentence, the listener can easily tell that the noun is accented.

ひが day
日ひが
 
とを door
戸とを

Example Sentence

暑あつい日ひが続つづいています。 The hot days are continuing.
📱
 
戸とを閉しめてください。 Please close the door.
🏠

Theme icons: 👥 At work. 🏠 At home. 📱 In the news.

Lesson 1 Point 2: 2-Syllable Kun Nouns

It is very easy to identify the accent for a 2-syllable kun noun because it fits exactly with the ideal pattern of accented penult and unaccented ultima.

くつ shoe
靴くつ
 
しお salt
塩しお
 
えみ smile
笑えみ

As mentioned above, a trailing particle is always unaccented.

この部屋へやに靴くつはダメです。 Shoes are unacceptable in this room.
🏠
 
塩しおを渡わたして下ください。 Please pass the salt.
🏠
 
あなたの笑えみが百ひゃく製品せいひんを売うるでしょう。 Your smile will sell a hundred of our products.
👥

Lesson 1 Point 3: 3-Syllable Kun Nouns

The 3-syllable kun noun is our first opportunity to see when the accent is not on the first syllable of a word. The standard pattern is penult accented and ultima unaccented, and these appear later in the word.

This means the first syllable is not accented.

わたし I
私わたし
 
つくえ desk
机つくえ
 
やすみ break, day off, rest
休やすみ
私わたしはダブル・オー・セブンです。 I am double-o-seven.
👥
 
この机つくえを使つかって下ください。 Please use this desk.
👥
 
今日きょうは休やすみです。 Today is a day off.
👥

Lesson 1 Concept 4: Sound Units of Words

A sound unit is a collection of syllables that form an integrated building block of a word.

In the example at Concept 2, 鳥 is a kun word made up of a single sound unit (とり) but 野鳥 is an on word made up of two sound units (や and ちょう).

Most kun nouns are formed of a single sound unit, but some comprise more than one sound unit.

かた shoulder
(single sound unit word)
肩かた
 
かたこり stiff shoulders
(two sound unit word)
肩かた凝こり

Note: Accent not shown for 肩凝り because an additional concept is covered in a later lesson.

In the above example, 肩凝り has four syllables, か, た, こ, り, but rather than a single sound unit “かたこり” is formed by the two sound units “かた” and “こり”.

Most kun nouns are formed by a single sound unit, and this makes it easy to identify the accented syllable, since the accent will be on the penult.

Lesson 1 Point 4: 4-Syllable Kun Nouns

Kun nouns with four or more syllables follow the same pattern as 3-syllable kun nouns: all syllables forward of the penult are unaccented.

The accent is on the penult, and there is a drop to the ultima.

みずうみ lake
湖みずうみ
 
のこぎり a saw
鋸のこぎり
この湖みずうみがすごく冷つめたいです。 This lake is very cold.
📱
 
鋸のこぎりで丸太まるたを切きった。 I cut the log with a saw.
🏠

Lesson 1 Summary

This lesson covered accent in “kun" nouns. The accent is located on the penult. The following concepts and points were covered.

Lesson 1

Lesson
2
TOC
Accent