Japanese Accent: Penult Standard
Lesson 2: Verbs — Present and Past Informal
Lesson 2 Introduction
Verbs are where “The rubber meets the road” in regards to accent in Japanese. There are many important points to make. For details, view explanations under the video.
Lesson 2 Concept 1: Accent on Penult of Citation Form
The prior lesson discussed “penult” — that it is the second to last syllable of a word.
Accent on the penult applies to verbs as well, but it applies to the “citation form” of the verb. The citation form is the form of the word found in the dictionary. In Japanese, the citation form of a verb is always the present informal form.
For example, 行きます is a present polite verb, while 行く is the citation form.
As mentioned above, verbs in the citation form take the accent on the penult.
Example Word
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Accent color: Dark red = accent.
Lesson 2 Concept 2: 1-Dan and 5-Dan Verbs
There are two classes of Japanese verbs: 1-dan (ichi-dan) and 5-dan (go-dan).
1-dan verbs have an え or い vowel sound in the penult syllable and end with る。(Another way to say this is that the last syllable of the verb stem ends with an え or い series syllable.) Among the examples given above, 止める is an 1-dan verb.
On the other hand, 5-dan verbs may have almost any syllable on the penult (last syllable of verb stem) and any う vowel sound in the final syllable (う、く、す...). Of the examples above, 行く and 扱う are 5-dan verbs.
The difference between 1-dan and 5-dan verbs in very important because each has a different declension pattern from the other. This means that the past tense and other tenses are formed differently.
When speaking of accent, the difference between 1-dan and 5-dan is important for another reason: the accent pattern differs according to the verb classification.
Lesson 2 Point 1: 1-Dan and 5-Dan Present Tense
1-dan and 5-dan verbs have the same accent pattern in the present tense informal, with the accent on the penult.
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Lesson 2 Point 2: 1-Dan Past Tense
An 1-dan verb keeps the accent on penult in the past tense.
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Example Sentence
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Lesson 2 Concept 3: Accent Shift in 5-Dan Past Tense
Up until this point, all word forms covered (kun nouns, present tense verbs, 1-dan past tense verbs) have had the accent on the same syllable. To be specific, the accent has always been on the penult. Furthermore, with verbs, the present and past tense forms of the words have had the same number of syllables.
For example, when covering 1-dan present and past tense verbs, there was 止める and 止めた. The verb has three syllables in present tense and in past tense. The accent was on the penult (め) in both tenses.
5-dan verbs bring something new: they change the number of syllables in the word.
行く (2 syllables) becomes 行った (3 syllables). 泳ぐ (3 syllables) becomes 泳いだ (4 syllables).
This lengthening of the word results in a change of the syllable that is the penult. With 泳ぐ (swim) the penult is the よ syllable, but with 泳いだ the penult is the い syllable.
And now the shocker: The accent shifts to the new penult!
Lesson 2 Concept 4: Retained Accent
A closely related concept to shifted accent (covered above) is retained accent. A “retained accent” is the retaining of a certain reduced level of accent for a particular reason.
A 5-dan past tense verb shifts the accent from the former penult (よ in 泳ぐ) to the new penult (い in 泳いだ). So the accent is no longer on the former penult (よ in this case)!
However, because the present tense of the word (the citation form) creates a strong impression in memory and there is strong recollection that the accent had been on a particular syllable of the word (the penult), there is retaining of a slight accent for the syllable when the accent has shifted to another syllable for the past tense.
The retained accent is slight in amount of accentuation and may seem completely unaccented in comparison to the fully accented syllable of the word. When pronouncing a word in which the location of the accent has shifted, the speaker must make a determined effort to suppress the amount of accentuation for the syllable that transitions to the retained accent.
Lesson 2 Point 3: 5-Dan Past Tense
Combining both concepts directly above (accent shift and retained accent), a 5-dan verb in the past tense shifts the full accent to the new penult (second syllable from end) while transitioning the former penult (of the citation form), which is now the antepenult (third syllable from end), to a retained accent.
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Accent colors: Dark red = accent. Light red = retained accent.
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Lesson 2 Concept 5: Glottal Stop Can Be Accented
When considering the shift to the penult in 5-dan past verbs, one soon recognizes a mild conundrum: the penult is on a syllable with no sound.
An example is 行った.
With the above 5-dan past tense verb, the word has added an extra syllable (in comparison to the citation form, 行く) and that extra syllable is a glottal stop (symbolized by small っ). A glottal stop has no sound: it is a withholding of sound by the glottis.
However, according to the concepts given in this lesson, a penult is accented. While it may seem counterintuitive, the same rule applies to this syllable: The glottal stop is accented!
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In the above word example, the glottal stop is in red and enlarged (compared to a regularly sized small っ), indicating that it is the accented syllable.
A new learner may ask, “How can this be done? How can you accent a syllable with no sound?” The answer is that the glottal stop is accentuated in comparison to usage in a word where the glottal stop is not accented.
This is a common feature of accent, especially in Japanese, and will be reviewed in Lesson 3: accent is always a level of accentuation that is greater than when the same syllable is not accented.
In the case of 行った, the glottal stop is pronounced with a greater level of glottal stopping (a slightly more noticeable application of the glottal stop) than would be employed in a word in which the glottal stop is not the accent of the word (such as しっかり、びっくり、真っ先 and 引っ越す).
In fact, this same concept applies to other sounds in Japanese that are similar to the glottal stop, which are often called “voiceless consonants.” In particular, with 5-dan past tense verbs, we frequently see し and ん in the penult position. When one of these becomes the accented syllable, it will have a greater level of accentuation than when in a word wherein it is not the accented syllable.
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Lesson 1 Summary
This lesson covered accent in present and past verbs. The accent appears on the penult with 1-dan present and past tenses, and with 5-dan present tense.
With 5-dan past tense, the accent shifts to the new penult syllable of the elongated word. When this happens, a retained accent is kept for the syllable that had the accent when in citation form.
Lesson 2