Japanese Accent: Penult Standard

Lesson 2: Verbs — Present and Past Informal

Lesson 2 Introduction

Verbs are where “The rubber meets the road” in regards to accent in Japanese. There are many important points to make. For details, view explanations under the video.

Lesson 2 Concept 1: Accent on Penult of Citation Form

The prior lesson discussed “penult” — that it is the second to last syllable of a word.

Accent on the penult applies to verbs as well, but it applies to the “citation form” of the verb. The citation form is the form of the word found in the dictionary. In Japanese, the citation form of a verb is always the present informal form.

For example, 行いきます is a present polite verb, while 行いく is the citation form.

As mentioned above, verbs in the citation form take the accent on the penult.

Example Word

いく go
行いく
 
とめる stop ~
止とめる
 
あつかう handle, deal with
扱あつかう

Accent color: Dark red = accent.

Lesson 2 Concept 2: 1-Dan and 5-Dan Verbs

There are two classes of Japanese verbs: 1-dan (ichi-dan) and 5-dan (go-dan).

1-dan verbs have an え or い vowel sound in the penult syllable and end with る。(Another way to say this is that the last syllable of the verb stem ends with an え or い series syllable.) Among the examples given above, 止とめる is an 1-dan verb.

On the other hand, 5-dan verbs may have almost any syllable on the penult (last syllable of verb stem) and any う vowel sound in the final syllable (う、く、す...). Of the examples above, 行いく and 扱あつかう are 5-dan verbs.

The difference between 1-dan and 5-dan verbs in very important because each has a different declension pattern from the other. This means that the past tense and other tenses are formed differently.

When speaking of accent, the difference between 1-dan and 5-dan is important for another reason: the accent pattern differs according to the verb classification.

Lesson 2 Point 1: 1-Dan and 5-Dan Present Tense

1-dan and 5-dan verbs have the same accent pattern in the present tense informal, with the accent on the penult.

とめる stop ~
(ichi-dan)
止とめる
 
うごく move
(go-dan)
動うごく

Lesson 2 Point 2: 1-Dan Past Tense

An 1-dan verb keeps the accent on penult in the past tense.

とめた stopped ~
止とめた
 
みた saw ~
見みた

Example Sentence

青あおい車くるまを止とめる。白しろい車くるまを止とめた。 I will stop blue cars.
I stopped white cars.
👥
 
大おおきい魚さかなを見みる。小ちいさい魚さかなを見みた。 I will see big fish.
I saw little fish.
🏠

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Lesson 2 Concept 3: Accent Shift in 5-Dan Past Tense

Up until this point, all word forms covered (kun nouns, present tense verbs, 1-dan past tense verbs) have had the accent on the same syllable. To be specific, the accent has always been on the penult. Furthermore, with verbs, the present and past tense forms of the words have had the same number of syllables.

For example, when covering 1-dan present and past tense verbs, there was 止とめる and 止とめた. The verb has three syllables in present tense and in past tense. The accent was on the penult (め) in both tenses.

5-dan verbs bring something new: they change the number of syllables in the word.

行いく (2 syllables) becomes 行いった (3 syllables). 泳およぐ (3 syllables) becomes 泳およいだ (4 syllables).

This lengthening of the word results in a change of the syllable that is the penult. With 泳およぐ (swim) the penult is the よ syllable, but with 泳およいだ the penult is the い syllable.

And now the shocker: The accent shifts to the new penult!

Lesson 2 Concept 4: Retained Accent

A closely related concept to shifted accent (covered above) is retained accent. A “retained accent” is the retaining of a certain reduced level of accent for a particular reason.

A 5-dan past tense verb shifts the accent from the former penult (よ in 泳およぐ) to the new penult (い in 泳およいだ). So the accent is no longer on the former penult (よ in this case)!

However, because the present tense of the word (the citation form) creates a strong impression in memory and there is strong recollection that the accent had been on a particular syllable of the word (the penult), there is retaining of a slight accent for the syllable when the accent has shifted to another syllable for the past tense.

The retained accent is slight in amount of accentuation and may seem completely unaccented in comparison to the fully accented syllable of the word. When pronouncing a word in which the location of the accent has shifted, the speaker must make a determined effort to suppress the amount of accentuation for the syllable that transitions to the retained accent.

Lesson 2 Point 3: 5-Dan Past Tense

Combining both concepts directly above (accent shift and retained accent), a 5-dan verb in the past tense shifts the full accent to the new penult (second syllable from end) while transitioning the former penult (of the citation form), which is now the antepenult (third syllable from end), to a retained accent.

およぐ → およいだ swim → swam
(5-dan past tense lengthens word by 1 syllable, shifts the full accent to the new penult, and transitions the former penult to a retained accent)
泳およぐ → 泳およいだ
 
かく → かいた write → wrote
(5-dan past tense lengthens word by 1 syllable, shifts the full accent to the new penult, and transitions the former penult to a retained accent)
書かく → 書かいた

Accent colors: Dark red = accent. Light red = retained accent.

広ひろい川かわを泳およぐ。狭せまい川かわを泳およいだ。 I will swim a wide river.
I swam a narrow river.
🏠
 
長ながい本ほんを書かく。短みじかい本ほんを書かいた。 I will write a long book.
I wrote a short book.
👥

Lesson 2 Concept 5: Glottal Stop Can Be Accented

When considering the shift to the penult in 5-dan past verbs, one soon recognizes a mild conundrum: the penult is on a syllable with no sound.

An example is 行いった.

With the above 5-dan past tense verb, the word has added an extra syllable (in comparison to the citation form, 行いく) and that extra syllable is a glottal stop (symbolized by small っ). A glottal stop has no sound: it is a withholding of sound by the glottis.

However, according to the concepts given in this lesson, a penult is accented. While it may seem counterintuitive, the same rule applies to this syllable: The glottal stop is accented!

いった went
行いった

In the above word example, the glottal stop is in red and enlarged (compared to a regularly sized small っ), indicating that it is the accented syllable.

A new learner may ask, “How can this be done? How can you accent a syllable with no sound?” The answer is that the glottal stop is accentuated in comparison to usage in a word where the glottal stop is not accented.

This is a common feature of accent, especially in Japanese, and will be reviewed in Lesson 3: accent is always a level of accentuation that is greater than when the same syllable is not accented.

In the case of 行いった, the glottal stop is pronounced with a greater level of glottal stopping (a slightly more noticeable application of the glottal stop) than would be employed in a word in which the glottal stop is not the accent of the word (such as しっかり、びっくり、真まっ先さき and 引ひっ越こす).

In fact, this same concept applies to other sounds in Japanese that are similar to the glottal stop, which are often called “voiceless consonants.” In particular, with 5-dan past tense verbs, we frequently see し and ん in the penult position. When one of these becomes the accented syllable, it will have a greater level of accentuation than when in a word wherein it is not the accented syllable.

とった ← とる took ← take
取とった ← 取とる
 
したがった ← したがう followed ← follow
従したがった ← 従したがう
 
たもった ← たもつ preserved ← preserve
保たもった ← 保たもつ
 
のぞんだ ← のぞむ desired ← desire
望のぞんだ ← 望のぞむ
 
まなんだ ← まなぶ learned ← learn
学まなんだ ← 学まなぶ
 
しんだ ← しぬ died ← die
死しんだ ← 死しぬ
 
うながした ← うながす urged ← urge
促うながした ← 促うながす
今朝けさ、味噌汁みそしるを飲のんだ。 I drank miso soup this morning.
🏠
 
昨日きのう、先生せんせいと話はなした。 Yesterday, I talked with the teacher.
👥
 
先週せんしゅう、積つもった雪ゆきを拾ひろった。 Last week, I picked up accumulated snow.
🏠

Lesson 1 Summary

This lesson covered accent in present and past verbs. The accent appears on the penult with 1-dan present and past tenses, and with 5-dan present tense.

With 5-dan past tense, the accent shifts to the new penult syllable of the elongated word. When this happens, a retained accent is kept for the syllable that had the accent when in citation form.

Lesson 2

Lesson
3
TOC
Accent